Scheme of Studies (Contents) BS Physics Semester 2

2nd Semester 

PHY-302 | Mechanics-II | 3 (3 – 0)

 Rotational dynamics, Relation between Linear & angular variables, K.E of Rotation & Rotational Inertia of Solid bodies, Torque acting on a particle, Parallel & Perpendicular axes theorem, combined Rotational & translational motion, rolling without slipping, Angular momentum of a Particle & system of Particles, Relation between torque & angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum, spinning top, stability of spinning objects, Newton’s law of universal gravitation, gravitational effects of spherical distribution of matter, gravitational P.E, Gravitational field & Potential, Motion of planets & satellites, Kepler’s laws, Energy consideration in planetary & satellite motion, Bulk Properties of matter, Hook’s Law , Types of elasticity, variation of pressure in earth’s atmosphere, surface tension, general concepts of fluid flow, Bernoulli’s equations, viscosity, Poiseuille’s law.  
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, Resnick and Walker, 2011. Fundamental of Physics 9th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
2. Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 2002. Physics Vol. I & II, 5th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
3. Sears, Zemansky and Young, 2000. University Physics 8th Ed. Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA), USA.
4. Alonso and Finn, 1999. Physics. Addison-Wesley, Reading (M.A), USA.

 PHY-304 | Heat & Thermodynamics | 3 (3 – 0) 

Macroscopic properties of a gas and the ideal gas law, The ideal gas model, Kinetic calculations of pressure, Kinetic interpretation of the temperature, Work done on an ideal gas, The internal energy of an ideal gas, intermolecular forces, Statistical distributions and the mean values, Mean free path, The distribution of molecular speeds, The distribution of energies, The internal energy of an ideal gas, Brownian motion, Heat, The mechanical equivalent of heat, Heat capacity and specific heat, Heat of transformation, Heat capacities of solids, Heat capacities of an ideal gas, The first law of thermodynamics, Applications of the first law, The transfer of heat, Reversible and irreversible process, Heat engines and the second law, Refrigerators and the second law, The Carnot cycle, Carnot’s theorem and the second law, The thermodynamic temperature scale, Entropy: Reversible process, Entropy : Irreversible Process, Entropy and the second law, Zeroth law, , Maxwell’s thermodynamics relations, TDS equations, Clapeyron’s equation, entropy and second law of thermodynamics, temperature scale, entropy, low temperature physics. Thermoelectricity, Seabeck effect, Peltier effect, thermocouple.
Recommended Books:
1. Halliday, Resnick and Walker, 2011. Fundamental of Physics 9th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
2. Resnick, Halliday and Krane, 2002. Physics Vol. I & II, 5th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
3. Sears, Zemansky and Young, 2000. University Physics 8th Ed. Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA), USA.
4. Alonso and Finn, 1999. Physics. Addison-Wesley, Reading (M.A), USA.

PHY-306 | Introduction to Programming for Physicists | 3 (3 – 0) 

Introduction to programming, Significance of computers in the present physical sciences scenario, Software and hardware domains, Scientific computing, high and low level languages, flow charts, scientific programming languages, C/C++ and other scientific Programming language: memory management in C++, structure of C++ program, Generic form, Header files, Constants, Local variables, Input/output statements, Simple program, Variables, Data types, variables, Operators, Loops, Break, Continue, If and if-else statements, Conditional operator, Switch statement, Flags and conditional testing, One-dimensional arrays, Multi-dimensional arrays, String manipulation functions, Arrays as lists, Sorting, Searching, functions, built-in and user defined functions, file system, pointer, inheritance, polymorphism, C++ for scientific programming. Lab work. Recommended Books:
1. Deitel H M and P J Deitel, 2012, C++ How to Program, 8/e, Early Objects Version, Prentice Hall 2. Robert Lafore , 2002, Object-oriented Programming in C++, Ed. 4th, SAMS publishers.
3. Robert L, TURBO C++, 1991, Waite Group. 4. Harrison S P and G Steele Jr. 1987, C: A Reference Manual, Prentice-Hall. 5. Peter Norton, Introduction to computers, 6th Ed., McGraw Hill International Edition

MTH-322 | Calculus-II | 3 (3 – 0) 

Riemann integrals and their applications, fundamental theorems of calculus, area under the curve, integration of rational, irrational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions, improper integrals, beta and gamma integrals. Real functions of several variables, directional derivatives, partial derivatives, local maxima and minima, gradient, chain rule, stationery points, mean value theorems, total differentials, implicit functions, curve tracing, tangents, one parameter family of curves, envelops of a family of curves. Volumes of solids of revolution, area of a surface of revolution, moments and center of gravity, multiple integrals and applications, infinite series, test for its convergence, root and ratio tests, Gauss and integral tests.
Recommended Books: 
1. J.Stewart, 1999“Calculus”, Books/Cole Publishing Co. USA,.
2. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, 1996“Calculus and Analytic Geometry”,.Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
3. E.W. Swokowski, M.Olinick, 1994. “Calculus” D.Pence, J.A. Cole, PWS Publishing Co. USA,

PST-322 | Pakistan Studies | 2 (2 – 0) 

Historical Perspective, Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Factors leading to Muslim separatism, People and Land, Indus Civilization, Muslim advent, Location and geo-physical features, Government and Politics in Pakistan, Political and constitutional phases, 1947-58, 1958-71, 1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-99, 1999 onward, Contemporary Pakistan, Economic institutions and issues, Society and social structure, Ethnicity, Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges, Futuristic outlook of Pakistan.
Recommended Books
1. Akbar, S. Zaidi. 2000. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press 2. Afzal, M. Rafique. 1998.Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research 3. Mehmood, Safdar. 1994. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 4. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring.1993 Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press,. 5. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: 1993. The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 6. Muhammad Waseem, 1987 Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard 7. Burki, Shahid Javed. 1980 State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd. 8. Ziring, Lawrence. 1980 Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson & sons Ltd,. 9. Zahid, Ansar. 1980. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company 10. Aziz, K.K. Party, 1976. Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 11. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972. 12. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd. 13. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad. 14. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. 1967. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,

 ENG-323 Reading, writing, speaking and listening skills 3 (3 – 0) 

To be provided by the concerned Department